Diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer joel shaw, md, grant medical center, columbus, ohio t esticular cancer 7accounts for 1 to 2 percent of 1all neoplasms in men. Guidelines for the management of testicular cancer nhs england. In the united states, between 7,500 and 8,000 diagnoses of testicular cancer are made each year. Testicular cancer is highly treatable especially if caught early. Sometimes testicular cancer can spread to lymph nodes in and. Testicular cancer is a potentially dangerous disease, but it can be treated successfully, especially in its earlier stages, with radiation, chemotherapy, or surgical removal of.
Since 2008, the testicular guidelines contain a separate chapter on testicular stromal tumours. When testicular cancer spreads, it most commonly spreads to the lung and the lymph nodes of the chest, pelvis, and the base of the neck. In recent years, at least three casecontrol studies reported associations between cannabis exposure and testicular germ cell tumour tgct. Testicular cancer begins when healthy cells in a testicle change and grow out of control. Recommendations for crosssectional imaging in cancer. The incidence of testicular cancer is increasing globally, although a decline in mortality rates has been reported in western countries. Testicular cancer mainly affects young men between the ages of 20 and 39. Stages of testicular cancer canadian cancer society. Focal testicular lesions were found in 27 patients 2%, palpable nodules were present in 17 63% and nonpalpable incidental lesions were diagnosed in 10. The european association of urology eau published the first guidelines on testicular cancer in 2001.
This illustration shows a cross section of a mans testicle, or testis, which is a rounded organ, located under the penis in a saclike pouch. Human chorionic gonadotropin and alphafetoprotein in the staging of nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Cancercare is a national nonprofit organization providing free, professional support services for anyone affected by cancer. Usually only one testicle is affected, but in some cases both testicles are affected. Cancer that develops in a testicle is called testicular cancer or cancer of the testis. Educational posters are great to be hung up at your local schools, medical offices, health fairs, personal fundraisers, awareness events, and for spreading overall education and awareness for testicular cancer. Excluding 3 who had additional risk factors, only 1 of 386 developed testicular cancer during followup 95 % ci 0. Get detailed treatment information about for newly diagnosed and recurrent testicular cancer in this summary for clinicians. This is a rare form of testicular cancer, accounting for only about 5 percent of cases. Exposure to endogenous steroid hormones particularly high levels of androstenedione in utero has also been associated with testicular cancer. Over 90% of all tumors of the testes are primary germ cell tumors, and as such young adults are the overall most frequently involved group.
Testicular cancer early detection, diagnosis, and staging 1. Learn more about the risk factors for testicular cancer. Recently, rates of testicular cancer for african american and hispanic young adults living in the u. Nonseminomas tend to grow and spread more quickly than seminomas. Testicular microlithiasis is defined as multiple small, similarsized echogenic nonshadowing with 5 foci per testis. About 40 percent of germinal tumors are categorized as seminomas. In fact, though testicular cancer only accounts for 1 percent of all cancers in men, it is the most common form of cancer. Testicular cancer an overview sciencedirect topics. Testicular cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention 1.
Symptoms may include a lump in the testicle, or swelling or pain in the scrotum. The cancerous tumor type seminoma is the most common testicular cancer, most frequently affects people of an average age of 50 years. Germ cell tumors are divided into seminomas and nonseminomas. Bosl gj, lange ph, nochomovitz le, goldmann a, fraley ee, rosai j, johnson k, kennedy bj. Conclusions ultrasound surveillance is unlikely to benefit patients with tm in the absence of other risk factors. This guide focuses on the management of testicular.
Testicular cancerhealth professional version national. More advanced stages may have spread to the liver and bones. Most testicular cancers are found by men themselves or their partner. Around half of all cases occur in men aged under 35 but testicular cancer rarely occurs before puberty. You will find a drawing of the main body parts affected by testicular cancer. Although rare, this is the most common cancer in young men, affecting one in 199 men overall. If your testicular cancer is diagnosed and treated at an early stage, you can expect to be cured. Testicular cancer has a very good cure rate over 95 per cent. Informative videos on all stages of testicular cancer treatment can be found at. Testicular cancer is not a common cancer, but it is the most commonly diagnosed cancer after skin cancer in men aged 2039. At presentation, a testicular lump is the most common finding and radical inguinal. Testicular germ cell tumor gct is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among young adult men, with rates peaking in the 3039 age group. The following staging information is for germ cell tumours of the testicle, which make up more than 90% of all testicular cancers. For testicular cancer there are 4 stages stage 0 followed by stages 1 to 3.
The 5year relative survival for localized testicular cancer. Download fulltext pdf guidelines on testicular cancer. The earlier testicular cancer is caught, the better chance a person has of surviving five years after being diagnosed. Jun 06, 2014 testicular cancer has been linked to a history of cryptorchidism and xy gonadal dysgenesis. When caught early, the cure rate is close to 100 percent. The demographics of affected individuals depends on the age of the histology of the tumor.
Over 95% of testicular germ cell tumours tgct are curable. Around 2,300 men are diagnosed with testicular cancer each year in the uk. Testicular cancer starts as an abnormal growth or tumour in a testis. Testicular cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. Testicular cancer is common compared with other types of cancer. Difference between prostate cancer and testicular cancer. Treatment may result in infertility risk factors include an undescended testis, family history of the disease, and previous history of testicular cancer.
Testicular cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all internal organ malignancies 2. Pure yolk sac tumor testicular cancer and self exam educational posters. This document presents a limited update of the 2014 publication. In addition to producing sperm for reproduction, the testicles, or male gonads, are also a component of the. A survival analysis cross sectional study was carried out. Testis cancer is subdivided between seminoma and non. Most testicular cancers start in the cells that develop into sperm, which are called germ cells. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be noticed, but thats not always the case. In countries nevertheless industrialized it has increased his incidence, mainly in. Find evidencebased information on testicular cancer treatment, screening, and statistics. If a man sees a doctor as soon as a lump, swelling or pain in a testis is noticed, the cancer. Testicular cancer testicular cancer symptoms medlineplus.
Testicular cancer is the most common malignant neoplasia in men aged 2035 and represents 1% of malignancies in men, al though an increase in. Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer in men older than 50 years. It is, however, the most common cancer in young men in western populations. Testicular cancer is a cancer that arises from a testicle testis. Testicular cancer accounts for 5% of the tumors in reproductiveage men and there has recently been an increase in its incidence. Tumor markers in advanced nonseminomatous testicular cancer. It is the most common cancer in 20 to 35yearold men and has two main types, seminomas and nonseminomas the exact cause of testicular cancer. In australia, about 850 men are diagnosed with testicular cancer each year, accounting for about 1% of all cancers in men. Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.
Testicular cancer comprises a number of different neoplasms, depending on the cell of origin and the typical age at presentation 1, 2. The seminoma presents risk factors such as cryptorchidism, infertility, and a family history of first grade with cancer. It is the most common cancer in men aged 1544 years. Testicular cancer is often detected as a small, hard, painless lump on the testis, or an enlargement of the testis. Diagnosis and treatment of early stage testicular cancer.
Nearly all testicular cancers start in the germ cells those that become sperm or eggs. Most of the time a lump or swelling on the testicle is the first symptom. Most testicular cancers begin in the cells that make sperm also known as germ cells these cancers are known as germ cell tumours. Testicular cancer is the most common malignant neoplasia in men aged 2035 and represents 1% of malignancies in men, although an increase in relapse has been reported in recent years. Consideraciones clinicas y hormonales tovar rodriguez j. Several other types of germinal tumors are referred to collectively as nonseminomas. Review papers have been published in the society scientific. Testicular cancer accounts for 5% of the tumors in reproductiveage men and. Since 2008, the testicular cancer guidelines contains a separate chapter on testicular stromal tumours. Hidden link between prostate cancer and testicular cancer. This document presents a limited update of the 2018 publication. Testicular cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer, accounting for just 1% of all cancers that occur in men.
The most common staging system for testicular cancer is the tnm system. A cancer will usually appear as a painless lump in a testis. Sep 20, 2005 the risk of developing any cancer over 40 years, in a man with testicular cancer at age 35, was between 31% and 36%, compared with 23% for the general population. Testicular cancer is classified as one of two types. Testicular cancer early detection, diagnosis, and staging. There are about 2,000 new cases in the uk each year. This is true for men with early stage testicular cancer, where it has not spread past the testicle. The main types of testicular germ cell tumors are seminomas and non. You should have a thorough physical exam as soon as possible. Testicular cancer starts in the cells of the testicle. You find any sort of unusual lump, nodule, pain, or swelling in either testicle. Diagnosis is made through clinical evaluation, tumor markers, and testicular.
A cancerous malignant tumour is a group of cancer cells that can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. However, testicular cancer can occur in ayas without any of these risk factors. May 05, 2015 the incidence of testicular cancer varies with respect to race with the highest rate in caucasian populations. The tumour can also spread metastasize to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable cancers. Testicular cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and endocrine. They also do tests to learn if cancer has spread to another part of the body from where it started. Below there is a presentation of a clinical case where both diseases are shown. Sep 11, 2019 firstdegree relatives have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer than the general population, although the incidence is low. Other types of testicular cancer exist but are very rare. Doctors use many tests to find, or diagnose, cancer.
Testicular cancer is not very common, being diagnosed in about 700 australian men each year. How to do a testicular self exam testicularcancersociety. They account for only 1% of all male cancers, but are the most common malignant tumours in males between 15 and 44 years of age. According to the testicular cancer resource center, men should perform monthly selfexams of the testicles as early as age 15. Testicular cancer clinical background ninetyfive per cent of testicular cancers are of germ cell origin. Testicular cancer spanish society of urologic nurses and. Review papers have been published in the societys scientific journal european urology, the latest version dating to 2015 1. Ninetyfive percent of testicular cancers arise from spermforming, or germ cells, and are called germinal tumors. Symptoms include pain, swelling, or lumps in your testicles or groin area. You will find a list of common tests, procedures, and scans that doctors use to find the cause of a medical problem.
Treatment for testicular cancer is usually successful. In the presence of additional risk factors previous testicular. Archivo pdf elaborado por medigraphic 34 bol clin hosp infant edo son 2007. Risk factors for testicular cancer what causes testicular cancer. About 2% of testicular cancer patients report having an affected relative. Testicular cancer is a cancer that forms in the cells of the testicles. This free fact sheet is available as a pdf, so it is easy to print out. Testicular cancer is a disease when testicular cells become abnormal in one or both testicles. Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, which are part of a mans reproductive system. Dr robert stevenson consultant clinical oncologist. During the period of 40 years, testicular cancer has become a curable cancer in over 95% of cases. Afp testicular cancer treatment options depend upon tumor type, stage, and risk group and include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and surveillance.
Brothers are at particularly high risk, with a relative risk of 810. Although several cell types in the testis can undergo neoplastic transformation, germ cellderived tumors constitute the vast majority of cases of testicular. Even if testicular cancer has spread to other areas of the body a cure can still be achieved. The majority of these tumors arise from germ cells. Testicular cancer urology associates of northeast florida. Testicular cancer is a rare tumor type accounting for 1% of malignancies in men.